Overview of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Outline of Vagus Nerve Stimulation The vagus nerve is one of 12 cranial nerves that pass data to and from the mind. The vagus nerve is the longest of the cranial nerves, with associations with the cerebrum and a significant number of the organs of the body. Discontinuous electrical incitement of the vagus nerve appears to decrease or forestall seizures. Vagus nerve incitement includes a surgery to embed an electrical heartbeat generator in the chest and append cathodes to the vagus nerve in the neck. A heartbeat generator is like a pacemaker. It isabout the size of a pocket watch and weighs around 25 grams (g). How does vagus nerve incitement work? The beat generatoris precisely embedded in the chest simply under the skin. This generator is customized to discontinuously transmit little electrical signs by means of a wire to the vagus nerve in the neck. We don't comprehend why electrical incitement of the vagus nerve is powerful at forestalling seizures. It might be identified with changes in the brainstem and thalamus, or the electrical incitement may capture the irregular cerebrum action related with seizures. The generator capacities consequently 24 hours per day. An outside programming wand what's more, programming are utilized by the specialist, to peruse and change the incitement quality and recurrence. After the generator is first embedded, the typical beginning settings are 30 seconds of incitement at regular intervals. The quality of the electrical sign as a rule begins at 0.25 or 0.5 milliamperes (mA) and is then expanded like clockwork by 0.25 mA. The recurrence of the incitement can likewise be balanced, to come on and off more habitually. Patients are additionally given a magnet, which goes about as a switch for the generator. At the point when a patient detects the start of a seizure, she can ignore the magnet the beat generator to convey additional incitement. For certain individuals, this additional incitement can prevent a seizure from advancing, abbreviate a seizure, or decrease the force of the seizure. The magnet can likewise be utilized to kill the trigger incidentally. The battery life of the generator is around six years, after which the gadget can be supplanted. This will require another surgery, like the first2. What and who is vagus nerve incitement best utilized for? Vagus nerve incitement has been utilized to treat halfway and summed up seizures in the two grown-ups and kids. It is considered in the accompanying cases: Hostile to epileptic prescription doesn't control seizures viably. The youngster is certifiably not a decent possibility for cerebrum medical procedure, either on account of high hazard or in light of the fact that he has different epileptogenic (seizure-creating) territories in his mind. The kid is sufficiently enormous to help the embed. This is normally chosen by the nervous system specialist and specialist. Vagus nerve incitement ought not be utilized in youngsters with certain cardiovascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal issues. The vagus nerve serves the heart, lungs, and stomach, and some current issues in these territories may prompt intricacies with vagus nerve incitement. Vagus nerve incitement ordinarily lessens seizures however doesn't frequently dispose of them totally. Typically it is utilized along with drug. Use in the Pediatric Population A huge gathering of patients with immovable epilepsy are more youthful than 12 years, incorporating kids with Lennox-Gastaut disorder, Dravet condition, and other hard to-treat epileptic conditions. Morris and colleagues[3]recently gave a proof based rule to VNS in youngsters that depends on a survey of off-name use. In 13 class 3 investigations including 470 youngsters with incomplete or summed up epilepsy, 55% had > half seizure decrease with VNS. So also, in 4 class III investigations of 113 kids with Lennox-Gastaut disorder, 55% had > half seizure decrease. Mind-set investigations were not accessible for kids. (In 2 class 3 investigations of 31 grown-ups with epilepsy, critical enhancements in standard state of mind scales were watched.) Children were 3.4 occasions almost certain than grown-ups to build up a disease at the VNS implantation site. What is the method? A clinical assessment is important to decide whether this is a case that might be effectively rewarded with vagus nerve incitement. When it has been concluded that your youngster might be helped by vagus nerve incitement, the specialist, anesthetist, and others on the clinical group will disclose the method to you in detail. Its significant that you comprehend the strategy, its dangers, and your childs future consideration; don't hesitate to ask them any inquiries you may have. With the assistance of the treatment group, you should then disclose the strategy to your youngster and help him comprehend what's in store after the implantation. Your youngster should be conceded into the medical clinic to introduce the gadget. Your kid will likely should be taken care of under general sedative, and along these lines should quit eating eight hours prior. The activity should be possible with a neighborhood sedative, but since it is difficult for kids to remain still, most require a general sedative. The method itself takes around 60 minutes. One cut around 5 cm long is made on the left chest divider to embed the beat generator. Another cut around 5 cm long is made in the neck, through which adaptable platinum anodes are joined to the vagus nerve. Since the vagus nerve likewise goes to the heart, the generator will be turned on in the working room so the specialist can ensure the gadget doesn't meddle with the heart. For a similar explanation, the anodes are quite often positioned on the left vagus nerve, which has less basic effect on the heart. Your kid might be sent home around the same time or saved for the time being for perception. You and your youngster will be instructed how to think about the entry points before discharge1. Utilizing vagus nerve incitement After the beat generator is embedded, the specialist will begin the incitement, utilizing a wand joined to a PC. The specialist will start with a low portion of current, allowed for 30 seconds at regular intervals. The quality and span of the incitement will be gradually expanded, at resulting specialist visits, to accomplish ideal seizure control. The incitement is conveyed consequently, 24 hours every day. Your kid will likewise be given an extraordinary magnet for use with the heartbeat generator. Kids who experience qualitys (an inclination that flags the beginning of a seizure) can utilize the magnet to give an additional explosion of incitement, which may diminish or kill an approaching seizure. You can likewise utilize the magnet on the off chance that you see that your kid is going to have a seizure. The magnet can likewise be utilized to kill the beat generator briefly and to check its activity. The specialist will ensure that you and your kid see how to utilize the magnet before you leave the emergency clinic. Your youngster should keep taking his prescriptions. The dose will be saved steady for a while the generators yield current is gradually expanded. When the current has been expanded to its ideal level, your childs specialist will consider diminishing drug and will examine another calendar with you. The advantages of VNS appear to increment after some time. In one study:1 Following 3 months, the quantity of seizures diminished by around 33%. Following a year, the quantity of seizures diminished by about half. What's more, in 2 out of 10 individuals, the quantity of seizures diminished by around three-fourths. For individuals who can detect when they are going to have a seizure, turning on the VNS utilizing their hand-held magnet can some of the time forestall the seizure. It might likewise abbreviate a seizure as of now in progress. Studies show that VNS may likewise be successful in youngsters. VNS improved freedom, state of mind, and learning in some children3. What's in store After Surgery The generator might be turned on the day following the medical procedure or at the principal post-careful visit. Your youngster will be reevaluated in seven to 10 days for an injury check, and the generator might be turned on or adjusted.Parents will be told the best way to utilize a magnet to control a seizure. Waving the magnet over the generator may stop or abbreviate a seizure. Youngsters who are embedded with a VNS for the most part get back that day following their medical procedure. Some of the time a clinic remain of one night is necessary2. Ordinary checking Ordinary observing is required to check the generator and battery and to ensure the treatment is functioning admirably and isn't awkward. The battery life of the generator is around six years, after which the gadget might be supplanted. This will require another surgery, like the first Dangers The vagus nerve trigger is viewed as sheltered. Mellow symptoms happen in certain individuals when the gadget invigorates the nerve. The most widely recognized symptoms include: Hacking. Throat torment. Dryness or slight voice changes. Brevity of breath. In youngsters, vagus nerve incitement may cause expanded hyperactivity2. End For over 15 years, VNS has demonstrated a valuable subordinate to pharmaceutical treatment in grown-ups and kids with obstinate epilepsy. In a proof based rule, Morris and colleaguesconcluded that VNS might be considered for treatment of seizures in youngsters with epilepsy, incorporating those with Lennox-Gastaut condition (level C). Enhancements in temperament, just as a feeling of authority over seizures gave by the magnet, might be included advantages. Unfavorable occasions, for example, postimplant contamination and lead break, may happen more regularly in youngsters than in adults1. Similarly as with numerous pediatric treatments, VNS isn't FDA-endorsed for youngsters. In any case, VNS speaks to a conceivably powerful and nonsedating treatment choice and ought to be considered for youngsters with recalcitrant epilepsy. Referances Andrew N,Vagus nerve incitement for children;Medscape neurology,November 2013.http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813917_3 Buchhalter JR, Jarrar RG (2003). Therapeutics in pediatric epilepsy, section 2: Epilepsy medical procedure and vagus nerve stimulation.Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 78(3): 371â€378 Schachter SC

Artificial liver device Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fake liver gadget - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that the outcomes were promising, top to bottom research is as yet expected to accommodate administrative measures with the procedures utilized in utilizing ALDs; just as to decide different wellsprings of cell line, and different techniques for delaying cell line suitability. Presentation The liver is the biggest organ in the body. It has a bunch of capacities: stockpiling of glycogen; blend of glucose from fat and protein stores; detoxification of blood; protein amalgamation; bile creation to help fat absorption; discharge of final results of protein digestion; combination, breakdown and guideline of hormones; and immune response creation among others. All these work together to look after homeostasis, and empower the distinctive body frameworks to work ideally. Incessant liver sickness (for example cirrhosis) is the seventh driving reason for death in the US; with roughly 27,000 individuals biting the dust from it every year (â€Å"Liver Disease: Statisticsâ €  n.pag.; â€Å"Liver Disease Statistics† n.pag.). As indicated by the Center for Disease Control, around 112,000 individuals released from in-quiet consideration are determined to have liver maladies (â€Å"Chronic Liver Disease or Cirrhosis† n.pag.). ... It can cause side effects, for example, edema and jaundice; just as gathering of metabolic waste items, for example, urea, in the end harming the various organs particularly the mind. As indicated by Pareja et al., â€Å"the best treatment [for]...patients [with constant liver failure] are orthotropic liver transplantation...† (n.pag.). Be that as it may, contributor liver is of constrained flexibly; and may take weeks, months or even years, before a suitable organ benefactor is accessible. In an overview directed by the Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, roughly 17,000 individuals are sitting tight for a liver transplant in the US; with an inexact holding up time of 321 days (â€Å"Liver Transplantation Patient Guide: The Waiting List† n.pag.). Liver disappointment is combined with a high demise rate without transplantation (Carpentier et al. 1690). Aside from transplantation, scientists are investigating different choices in rewarding constant liver ailment . Among these are the employments of counterfeit and bio-fake liver gadgets that will offer transient help for bombing livers. Fake liver (AL) gadgets utilize machines to free the blood or plasma of poisons and side-effects of digestion (Carpentier et al. 1690). Bio-fake liver (BAL) gadgets, then again, utilize cell lines housed in a bioreactor cartridge that play out the detoxification, biotransformation, discharge and manufactured capacity of the liver (Carpentier et al. 1690). Accessibility of these gadgets, be that as it may, has not arrived at the market as more investigations are as yet being done so as to accommodate the various issues related with its broad use. Strategy Bio-fake liver gadgets give liver help ceaselessly to thirty days, empowering the patients’ liver to mend, or to

Seeking Jobs for Ftuers!!

Subject 1: what occupations are appropriate for FTUers? Give expected set of responsibilities to the ones you suggest. What is the guidance for today’s work searchers? Hello there everybody! Much thanks for coming here today. I’m Linh. I’m a first year understudy of Foreign Trade University. As all of you realize looking for a reasonable employment is significant for everybody in the wake of graduating, and FTUers are not exemptions. So I’m here today to converse with you about that â€Å"hot† subject: Seeking employments! My presentation’s not going to take excessively long so I trust you’ll discover it interesting.I have isolated my introduction into three principle parts. As a matter of first importance, I’ll start with the upside of FTUers. Second, I’ll give you what employments are appropriate for FTUers and give a portrayal to deals and promoting director. Also, third, I’ll extend to some guidance for todayâ €™s employment opportunity searchers. Don’t stress! There’ll be a lot of time left over for inquiries toward the end. Prior to beginning, let me clarify that I use â€Å"FTU† to represent â€Å"Foreign Trade University† and â€Å"FTUers† are understudies of FTU. Alright, let me return to my first point: The upside of FTUers.FTU is one of the most profoundly lofty colleges in Vietnam. FTU has increased huge accomplishments in giving skilled and top notch HR to the economy and in this way made extraordinary commitment to the reason for industrialization, modernization and worldwide financial incorporation of the nation. FTU is presently offering a wide scope of majors and specializations in financial matters, business, business organization, money and banking and unknown dialects. Understudies from FTU are perceived as being dynamic and well-qualified.Most moves on from our college are probably going to get the top need of choice when they go aft er positions in organizations and associations in Vietnam. In certain regions, FTUers are more required by businesses than the understudies studying the territory itself (for instance: in banking, FTU competitors are supposed to be more serious than ones from Banking Institution). What I mean is that being a FTUers, you have more opportunity to find a decent line of work than any other individual in some other college. (truly, any other person! Presently, let me go to the following point. To begin with, I’d like to recap the inquiry â€Å"what employments are appropriate for FTUers? † As I said previously, FTU graduates are so dynamic and could go after numerous sorts of position positions. They will in general get a new line of work which has significant compensation, expert and dynamic workplace, numerous chances to excel an advancement. On the off chance that you’re an understudy spend significant time in economy, in particular you can work for the main impor t-trade business, joint-adventure organizations, International co-activity office in business field.Or on the off chance that you major in banking and money related, you can work in the deal division or the credit office for the banks, for example, ANZ, Agribank, BIDV†¦ or protections organizations. There are such a large number of occupations being reasonable for FTUers and picking an occupation relies upon a wide range of components. I accept that FTU graduates will land the best appropriate position for themselves. We ARE the best, correct? All things considered, as I guaranteed previously, presently I’d like to give a depiction to deals and promoting manager.As a deals and advertising chief, you’ll be associated with a wide range of jobs relying upon whom you work for. Occupation obligations include: helping Marketing Manager in planning different incorporated correspondence and promoting exercises, organizing underway of a wide scope of showcasing interchange s, giving item situating materials just as preparing for client care and deals, working with clients in creating contextual investigations, references, and tributes, etc.And to turn into a decent chief, you ought to have PC capability aptitudes; plan choices and practice decision making ability; viable venture the executives aptitudes and capacity to work under strong tension and fulfill tight time constraints. Furthermore, obviously, you must be a self-roused, certain, vivacious, and innovative individual not exclusively to land this position yet additionally numerous different occupations. Furthermore, presently, let me proceed onward to the last purpose of my introduction. Finding a new line of work these days gets increasingly hard. So I’d like to extend to some guidance for today’s employment opportunity searchers to assist them with getting a decent job.Before I talk about my recommendation, I need you to realize that there are a considerable amount of things you have to get ready to find a new line of work so now I simply give you some essential tips. The absolute first thing that you have to do is before a meeting, kindly research cautiously (actually cautiously) about the organization. You ought to have the option to refer to information you've found out about them. What's more, recollect: you must be continually positive and persuaded (continually positive and persuaded) inside your heart that you truly need to work for this company.Even a slight absence of eagerness can influence the result. (Truly, I said even a slight absence of eagerness) The subsequent thing is finding an accomplished companion to practice a meeting. Even better, make a video! You should be thoroughly basic about your presentation and never quit any pretense of improving that exhibition. What's more, the last however not the least is being set up for dismissals, and don’t burn through your time blowing up at the apparent injustice of them. Simply improve at your meeting abilities for the following time.Well, that last tip carries me as far as possible of my introduction. I’d like to go through my three fundamental parts once more: The initial segment is the benefit of FTUers, the subsequent part is the thing that employments are appropriate for FTUers and a set of working responsibilities for deals and advertising administrator, and the last part is some essential tips for today’s work searchers. I trust my introduction is understandable and valuable for you folks. Much thanks for tuning in. Furthermore, presently on the off chance that you have any inquiry, if you don't mind don't hesitate to ask me.

Latin Conjunctions and How to Use Them

Latin Conjunctions and How to Use Them In Latin and in English, conjunctions are words that consolidate different words. The very word combination implies consolidate: conâ with  junct...â (fromâ iungo) join. The most widely recognized conjunctions in English are and, at the same time, and additionally. What's more, is utilized to join any two pieces of a sentence together. Be that as it may, is an adversative, and complexities parts of a sentence. Or on the other hand might be alluded to as a disjunction and means various things relying upon whether it is being utilized casually or numerically/intelligently. Latin Conjunctions Latin has equivalent conjunctions, however it has a greater amount of them. The essential conjunctions in Latin are: et,- que,sed,at/ac,atquenec,neque,velaut. The Latin Conjunction And To interpret the English and you would utilize the Latinâ etâ if you needed the combination to be a different and autonomous word, andâ -queâ if you needed a combination that is added as far as possible of the second conjoined item. In the accompanying, theâ boldedâ forms are the conjunctions. arma virumqueâ canoarms and the man I singvsarmaâ etâ virum canowhich doesnt fit the hexameter meter Vergil required in the Aeneid, however implies something very similar. There are different words for and likeâ acâ orâ atque. These can be utilized, likeâ et ... et, two by two as correlative conjunctions to mean both ... also, The Latin Conjunction But The Latin for yet isâ sedâ orâ at vera dico, sed nequicquam....I talk reality, yet in vain.... The Latin Conjunction Or The Latin for the correlative combination either ... or on the other hand isâ vel ... velâ orâ aut ... aut. Autâ orâ velâ can additionally be utilized independently for or. the negative isâ nec ... necâ orâ neque ... nequemeaning neither ... nor. Nec or Neque used independently means (and) not. Vel and autmay be portrayed as disjunctions. An aside, the utilization of v to represent or in representative rationale originates from the Latin wordâ vel. Organizing Conjunctions An organizing combination is one that matches a lot of similarly positioned words, expressions, provisions, or sentences. air conditioning - andat - butatque - and, and furthermore, moreoveraut - oret - andnec non - and besidessed - butvel - or Sets of Conjunctions (Correlative) Correlative conjunctions are terms that are sets of equivalent articles: atque ... atque - both ... andaut ... aut - either ... oret ... et - both ... andnec ... et - not just ... be that as it may, alsonec ... nec - neither ... nor Subjecting Conjunctions Subjecting conjunctions are words that contrast a free statement with a reliant condition: the needy provision can't remain all alone, but instead delimits the principle part of a sentence. antequam - beforecum - when, at whatever point, since, becausedum - while, assuming just, inasmuch as, untilsi - ifusque - untilut - while, as Sources Moreland, Floyd L., and Fleischer, Rita M. Latin: An Intensive Course. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.Traupman, John C. The Bantam New College Latin English Dictionary. Third Edition. New York: Bantam Dell, 2007.

Holiday Stories

Holiday Stories My holiday story: At the end of December my sons preschool decided to have an after-work event at which parents would construct gingerbread houses for their children to decorate in school the following day. My wife and two of her close friends whose children are in my sons class decided this would be a fun event for the dads, and thats how this whole thing got started. Laird, Tim, and I found ourselves in a room full of moms, trying to follow instructions from Miss Stacy and Miss April. (Mind you, Id recently taught my son to say Miss April, you are so pretty! and then ask for an extra cookie. My wife told Miss April of this and thus I had to avoid Miss April that night. But thats a different story.) Everything went smoothly at first Laird, Tim and I built our prefab houses and held our own against the moms. But then Tim had to go and build a chimney. Not to be outdone, I landscaped my houses yard with graham cracker dust (dirt) and broccoli (trees). It looked pretty good. Meanwhile Laird had built an entire deck, complete with ramp. Seeing this, I decided to scrap my entire house and start over. 1/2 hour later found three dudes trying desperately to complete a 2-story octagonal masterpiece while the moms pointed and laughed (at us, not with us) and Miss Stacy stared with a look that said all I wanted was an hour away from 2-year olds but apparently that was too much to ask. Our house kicked butt though, really. What are your holiday stories? (P.S. All questions to date have been answered in the last entry.)

Abstract (Brief Summary of Research Project) - Free Essay Example

High prices of oil and steady resource depletion have raised international concerns for energy supply security. Thriving exploration is a significant factor and activity for future oil production. The global economy is currently experiencing high level of international business forces acting upon its stableness. International oil prices relation to international crisis is an essential element in the global economy. This study reveals the insights and effects of oil and gas exploration in the international crisis. This research paper presents the effects of oil prices on the international relations. The paper presents the strategies and the requirement in filling these effects by providing empirical findings on oil price volatility in relation to international trade, international terrorism, natural disasters, wars, global economic stability, global financial crises, politically instigated crises among other international variables. The foundation for this research is the correlation between oil prices and international relation. The paper presents the preliminary results and information derived from the data currently being generated by the international economy, international trade and other global organization economic watchdogs This paper explores whether there is stable and reliable oil price shocks relationship with the U.S Dollar nominal exchange rate and other countries currency. Regardless of the state of art methodologies and precise data, I find inconsistently slight logical relation between oil prices and the exchange rate. The paper generally focuses on the international crisis conduct with the emphasis on the strategies development in the detailed results of the research. These include the conflicts resolutions on the international oil prices settlements. I reviewed several prominent hypothesis and theories, methodologies about the resolution of the crisis especially to the western and the Middle East countries which are the most oil competing countries. The paper investigates factors contributing to the increase of oil price. The crude oil demand and supply and development of a crude oil prices model to include refinery utilization rates is discussed. This brings an OPEC capacity utilization non linear effect. In developing the oil prices correlation to international crisis the project focuses on the following major areas of study: Positive and negative factors that affect the international oil prices. The effects of oil and natural gas price on the global economy especially the West (Ratner, 2011). Effects of oil price on international economic variables. Finally the project outlines the relationship between oil prices and international crises. This analysis explores and studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two oil effects of oil companies that they have branches in Saudi Arabia. One is Aramco Company and Drilling Company, as their major operation is oil and they face the financial crisis in that time. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s among others has brought the price shocks on U.S. and international economic growth. Key Words International crisis, Budget Deficit, Consumer Price Index, OPEC, foreign policy crisis, crisis management, conflict management, decision making, Oil prices, Refinery industry, , Inflation, Real Wage, Purchasing Power Parity, GPD(Gross Domestic Product). Introduction The rapid rise in the oil price is subject to debate on which many economists expresses different views. The crude oil supply from the main oil producers and other downstream sectors are perceived to have the answer to the high rise of the oil prices. The refining capacity in many countries is falling and many existence refineries have unscheduled maintain ace leading to collapse of the oil refinery thus high prices. The major oil crude oil producers from Middle East have experienced difficulties in production sufficiency in ensuring the linear supply of the oil across the globe. Oil shortage expectations are also influential on the oil prices. Major international oil regulatory organizations such as the OPEC and OECD are playing major roles in regulating the oil prices as it greatly affects the international crises. Determination of the oil prices is affected by the existence of relationship non linearity between oil prices and market delivered quantity. Extreme events of linear rel ationship may shift the market stability between supply and demand towards different types of market. In this context, the oil prices are much more sensitive to shocks than under normal conditions. Non-linearity between oil prices and the market may be caused by lags related with development of additional extraction and refining capacity (Ratner, 2011). As the production approaches the oil prices is more sensitive to supply under the given constraint. The cost of doing business increases with increase in energy prices, which tends to erode corporate profits, thus lower stock prices in the market. Higher oil prices have usually spelled bad news for most companies, excluding the oil and energy-related firms. It seems that the recent global financial crisis may have altered some fundamental rules of market behavior. Oil and stocks now make for strange bedfellows (Palash R. Ghosh, 2010). Oil prices and the U.S. stocks have moved in opposite directions. Oil prices are considered to be among the fundamental determinants of the global economic performance (Krichene, 2008). The adjustment of the oil prices leads to changes in terms of trade between oil exporting countries and importing counties. The changes are normally caused by the transfer of income and resources from the importing to the exporting countries (Richter Pahl, 2009).The degree of oil prices adjustments in global economies is based on the proportionate cost of oil to natio nal income, the extent of dependence by end-users to imported oil and their flexibility to switch to other sources of energy such as solar energy, oil sands, ethanol, biodiesel, wind energy, coal mine methane,   geothermal energy, nuclear energy,   hybrid cars, LNG, GTL, and hydrogen fuel cells  , and also dependant on the responsiveness of gas prices to the oil-prices adjustments and the level of gas intensiveness of the respective economy (Krichene 2008). This is the impact of oil prices adjustments to the other sources of energy available in a respective economy (Richter Pahl, 2009). The higher the margin of oil prices adjustments and the longer the new prices are sustained, the greater the macroeconomic impact on the global economy. Oil is the primary source of energy in almost all of the major industries in the global economy. This research seeks to analyze the correlation between oil prices and international crises Literature Review International Crisis: According to Holsti (1991), based on the systems perspective of international crisis, he defined international crisis as the circumstance or situation where normal nature of relations between countries is significantly changed. For example, the uprising in Egypt is a situation that erupted in the international system leading to conflicting interactions against domination of nations globally. Trumbore, (2000) argued that international crisis follows certain stages of progress. These stages include; the pre-crisis warning phase, the crisis phase, crisis abatement phase and finally post-crisis phase, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s during a crisis that real leadership is tested. This is mainly because normally during the first stage of a crisis, no attention is normally taken. During the second phase when the crisis has taken ground, there is chain of events followed by panic, and control measures from decision makers such as the government. The crisis is normally later controlled before or after causing damage. Holsti (1980) observes that during the last phase, the post-crisis, evaluation and preventive measures are normally put in place. Factors Affecting Oil Prices and its Effects on the Global Economy especially the West. Fluctuations in oil prices have an effect on certain fundamental variants such as nominal wage, real wages, consumer price index, purchasing power parity, budget deficit inflation rate among other macroeconomic variables. (Richter Pahl, 2009). According to Krichene (2008), oil prices are primarily affected by its demand, natural disaster, and political unrests. In addition, Krichene (2008) asserts that restrictive legislation, declining oil productions and speculative buying also influence oil prices significantly. Economic empirical research shows that, when the global economy is exposed to higher oil prices, it leads to inflation, increase in input costs and decrease in investment. The West has been the major casualty of economic shocks caused by oil price fluctuations since it destabilizes their growth capacity which is largely dependent on oil (Richter Pahl, 2009). Comparative to the West, emerging economies are less hit by effects of oil prices in the short-run in form of infl ationary side effects. However, in the long-run, negative effects from the West normally trickle down to the emerging economies (Richter Pahl, 2009). Systematically, global economic effects caused and compounded by the adjustments in oil prices directly or indirectly affect international crises. For instance, the recent international crises, such as the devastating earth quake in Japan, the Arab countries in uprising, the rebelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ activities in Libya are speculated to dampen progress made on the global economic recession especially in the West (Ratner, 2011). Oil prices and International Crisis: Ratner (2011) an analyst in Energy Policy has observed that with the resent resignation of the long-time Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, the aftermath to the natural gas and oil sector is uncertain. In fact, analystsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ globally acknowledge that the impact of a disrupted Egyptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s oil, natural gas, and or the closure of the Suez Mediterranean oil pipeline and the Suez Canal would be catastrophic to the world natural gas and oil market (Ratner, 2011).The uprising in Egypt has already led to adjustments in oil prices globally in anticipation of an international crisis. Even though Egypt is technically considered a small player in the international oil industry, its instability still has severe implication in the global market. This gives evidence of an existing relation between international crisis and oil prices. As the chief regional supplier, the most affected would be Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt accounts for only an average of 2.1% of global oil and natur al gas supply with a proven 1.2% of worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s gas reserves (Ratner, 2011).Away from oil production, the recent devastating Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s earthquake has already send aftershocks around the global market. In addition to the loss of over 10 000 people, destruction of Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nuclear power plants leading to radiations emissions, there is a pending economic international crisis. Due to the earth quake impact on the Japanese economy, the production to cars is expected to decline sharply leading to adjustment in prices of oil. This suggest there direct or indirect relationship between the prices of oil and international crisis. The instability in Libya has also led to the soaring of global oil prices which has had led to inflationary pressures globally. Libya holds most of the oil reserves in Africa and it is actually the 15th largest crude oil exporter accounting for 1.2 million barrels of oil daily. It is feared that production losses in this North African country are bound to be absorbed by countries such as Saudi Arabia as a mechanism of compensating for the shortage. Motivation Study of oil prices in global economic and international crisis is an important entity. There is need for study of the relation with international crises .Research on the correlation between oil prices and international crises is important because the findings from this study will address most of the international crises in the world. In the recent global financial crisis, the findings from this research will be essential to control, mitigate effects on the global economy and forestall reoccurrence of the negative impacts in the future. Understanding the correlation of oil prices with international crises such as wars, poverty, the Arab uprisings, situation in Afghanistan, the struggles in Iraq among others would be influential to policy makers in coming up with conclusive political and macroeconomic policies. The research inclusively enhances the global trade market in understanding the root cause of the products price increase. It opens fresh ground and enhances the studies of oil alternative source of energy to reduce overdependence on oil as the primary source of energy. Furthermore, the results from this research will also enhance international relations among nations. Also it will add empirical findings to the existing body of knowledge to the nature of oil and now its relation with international crises. The sustained growth of international business over the past two decades is one of the most significant and dramatic trends across the globe in reducing the international crisis. Business market and trade of most goods and services have significantly expanded with the development in the effective financial implementations in the world (Holsti, 1991). The effect of the oil prices is widely felt in many products but the international business is working towards reducing the oil prices effects. The integration of technology, investments, communication has enhanced the todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s global trade and business connecting the world economies together. Corporate empires emergence in the global economy has changed the business platform which has enhanced the globalization of production (Trumbore, 2000). Problem Statement Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s foreign policy devise policies without understanding fundamental variables influencing international crisis in regard to oil prices and vice versa. The crude oil supply from the main oil producers and other downstream sectors are perceived to have the answer to the high rise of the oil prices. The refining capacity in many countries is falling and many existence refineries have unscheduled maintenance leading to collapse of the oil refinery thus high prices. The major oil crude oil producers from Middle East have experienced difficulties in production sufficiency in ensuring the linear supply of the oil across the globe. The empirical study at the two Saudi Arabian oil companies reveals that, the international crisis has an influential factor from these particular companies. Aramco Company and Drilling Company are oil production companies in Saud Arabian region on which they are currently facing the financial crisis. Their conditions on the futures markets have an effect on stock behaviors thus the oil price setting. Their crude oil prices model is increasingly rising affecting the international oil prices. This includes the refinery utilization rates, OPEC capacity utilization non linear effect and deteriorating of futures markets conditions. These are the explanatory variables that exist between the international crisis and the crude oil production. The drilling company is generally on critical conditions as the finding shows the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfaction thus unstable expertise in the company. This further contributes to low level of productions. There is also incapacity of the crud e oil storage thus the production level is dependent on the capacity storage. The adjustment of the oil prices in the companies shows a rapid rise anticipated by high level of production cost. According to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work force, the oil exploitation processes which involves the ground drilling is gradually becoming complex. This has led to an increase in exploitation costs as more resources are required thus affecting the oil prices. The low level of production has led to international crisis as the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are struggling to sustain the global oil market. There is resistance by some of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s workforce to the declines in wages as the oil price increase and the international crisis typically causes an upward pressure on nominal wage levels. External forces such as the Oil regulating organization which includes OPEC is also affecting the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketing position due to the unfavorable policies (Holsti, 1991). According to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expertise the there has been maintenance of a low stock in provision of efficient oil. They urge that sufficient stock ensures the supply sustainability thus avoiding the oversupply or under supply of the oil. The methodology used to explore the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conditions on the oil prices involves the updated quarterly data set. The data set is used in estimating the price equation which involves an expansion to accommodate other market conditions across the globe. The wide range of variables enables the estimation of the oil prices co integrating relationship in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Quarterly data set used in evaluating OPEC effect on the oil prices in the company includes observation of the average imported oil from the company. The data showed a decrease in the average as the price rises up. The oil production and the rate of refinery utilization in the company affect the global oil prices thus international crisis. Essentially, co integration between the international oil prices entails that the exploitation rates across the world share the same stochastic trend. Different stochastic trends in oil production and refining rates prevent co-integration among differe nt types of oil prices when the exploitation rates do not share the same stochastic trend. Refinery utilization rates and the exploitation affect crude oil prices based on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s refineries ability of crude oil conversion to final products. Essentially there are different qualities of crude oil which includes the sweet and sour as well as the heavy and light. The companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ oil exploitation and refineries are designed to specifically operate in specific crudes. Therefore there is rise and fall of crude values based on the availability of specific types of crude relative to existing refining capacity. Lack of efficient refining capacity has contributed to the rise of the oil prices and international crisis in the company Trumbore, (2000). The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also lacks the sufficient oil production capacity and existence of a non-linear relationship between supply and the oil prices. Results The results acquired from the data collected are generally categorized into the three hypotheses which were the guidelines of the empirical testing. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s oil prices have a considerable level of impact on the international oil market. Empirical investigation on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s oil production activities presented their effect on the international crisis. The analyzed data collected from the companies showed diverse reactions from different collected materials. The increase on the oil exploration costs in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s has been a major cause of their low level crude oil production. This has an impact of international financial crises on the oil price as they adjust the prices now and then for profitable returns. The correlation relationships between the oil price and the financial crisis of the company have been a major hindrance of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth. Results indicated that the oil refining sector plays a vital role in the recent oil price increase. This effect is related with shifts in the heavy and light grades production of crude oil as well as the price stretch between them. Existence of non linear relationships between OPEC spare capacity and oil prices account for real oil prices changes. The conditions on the futures markets also affect the non linear relationship. Many experts urge that the high oil prices on the global economy are contributed by a number of factors which with the change in oil prices. The changes in GDP were small as compared with past economic recession. The period of oil price shocks experienced drops on GDP growth. The increase in oil prices has affected most of the oil importing countries and the OECD countries. Oil prices and the global economy There exists a paradox and complicated relationship between oil prices and the economics. Production functions used by many economists are basically net of the purchased input. Saudi Arabia production is anticipated to rise within few years due to the experienced bubble in 2008. The oil prices fluctuations effects experienced on 1973 cannot be ignored. It left a great damage to global economy. The debate on the relationship and the effect of the oil prices on the economic activity is complicated by methodology issues. The substance also raises argument on the oil price in relation to economic activity (Trumbore, 2000). The current prices uses the consumer price indexes in economic data deflation recorded in current oil prices. Many of the oil consumers are industrial and commercial enterprises with a distance from the ultimate consumers. Frequently a rise on the oil price can bring the recession although extended economic growth period can provoke an oil prices increase. The principle drivers on the prolonged economic growth seem to have a history of great recession on the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. Failure of the country in financial crisis anticipation brings about the great recession. The impact of the oil prices rise is normally nonlinear and asymmetrical as the dollar per barrel increase has different impact on a dollar per barrel decrease at another. Symbolically what rises does not necessary falls the same way. In essence it is difficult to forecast the oil prices demand, and supply for the oil production than it is for the other industries. Oil production industry is relatively different from many other industries. From my preliminary research there is a declining of pressure in majority of reservoirs across the globe. The declining level is sustained by the injection of natural gas, CO2, water or any other energy source. The prompted injection and the consequent cleaning of the crude in the surface consume energy. The processes of extracting the oil from underground are even more energy exhaustive. The energy consumed further increase the oil prices in the market contributing to the international crisis. The high level of technologically complex oil industry complicates the whole economical process which often takes long period of time to commercial fruition. Fluctuation of the oil prices is great than many industrial prices. Many producers especially the Middle East producers have taken long full production periods after the completion of the initial geological work. Thus oil drillers easily fear the risks in prices and other economic activity. The Middle East countries which are the major oil producers have been vulnerable to wars and attacks from terrorism. The terrorism activities have made the oil production unstable due to vulnerability of attacks in the regions. According to studies the Saudi Arabia region is vulnerable to criminal activities thus the oil producing companies fears the attacks. There marine oil transportation has been also faced threats from the pirates a nd other encountered problem in the transportation process. Large amount of European oil is imported through the Red sea between the Yemen and Somali(Richter, Pahl, 2009). There have been many cases of tankers hijacking in seas leading to loss of large amount of capital. This increase the international crisis as the producers is unable to fully exploit oil or transport it due to fear of losses. Heterogeneous nature of the oil market contributes to slow growth of the economy. Many operates in a decentralized and competitive market thus a forms a postulated mainstream. There is an excessive gross margin since the World War II. The international oil prices have intensified the international crisis on which it had defied a competitive market equilibriums basic rule. The margins have currently exceeded the addition cost of oil barrel production. Saudi Arabia region was the supplier of last resort in the period of $2 oil price but its oil costs has incrementally risen to 13% per oil barrel. Today there is no clear indication of the last resort supplier nor the incremental cost due to international crisis experienced. Most of the estimates on the gross margin are apparently below the recent years, market prices of the fuel. Consequently, the incremental gross margins comprehended by oil producing nations are positive. Most of them have a large average gross margins based on the variation between market average prices and out-of-pocket average costs. This provides the correlation between the oil crisis and the international crisis. The oil prices are non equilibrium but there is existence of equilibrium ranges of the oil prices. This leads to an elusive and fragile economic growth in the world. The equilibrium ranges are generated from the time lags of oil processing and transportation. To avoid the time lag oil producers uses the future and forward markets for speculative and hedging purposes. These markets have a major effect on the international crisis on which they become vulnerable to other markets players. These players lay off the bets from other markets and all of a sudden enter the futures markets triggering crisis. The players who are initially the speculators brings about the conflicts in the oil market increasing the international crisis. In the recent oil run up of 147 dollar per barrel, the futures market speculators are estimated to have increased the oil prices from 10 dollar to 20 dollar thus risking the international price of oil. Oil Prices and the Currency Market Oil plays an important role in the global currency market. The price of oil increased dramatically in 2008 when the US dollar value fall as compared to the other currencies. The relationship is that, when the dollar gets weak in its value leads to increase in oil prices thus international crisis. Oil is a very important resource as it is the main source of energy in many production industries. The rising prices have big impact on the inflation of the international economy as it creates added fuel surcharges. The surcharges therefore trigger the core inflation of the world economy as central banks maintain high interest rates. Deficits in nations have increasingly grown with the occurrence of the global economic crisis that started in 2008 due to high oil prices. This has led to global economic effect and the international crisis across the globe on which many economists urges that country should run deficits during periods of recession and those of high unemployment. Financial markets across the globe expresses have expresses fears due to increased in oil prices. They have expressed some behavioral characteristics and explanations of the largely market outcomes particularly of financial flows of both policymakers and investors significant practical consequences of the international crisis. Correlation Oil prices can be correlated positively to international financial markets as seen from the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s empirical study. The world basic products rise as the prices as the price of oil continued to rise, thus this is far much correlated. The period between 2003 and 2006, the world experienced an economic growth. It is easy to make a correlation at this time period as the period experienced the businesses success in many major industries that led to the market rise. At this period the oil price rose as well, though the two were not really it correlated. Financial analysts argue that oil doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t necessarily bring a positive correlation to the financial markets. Alternatively financial markets perform well while the price of oil is rising. Negative correlation commonly accepted relationship between financial markets and oil prices. Many companies spend more when the oil prices are high to run their business. The logical explanation to this is that most co mpanies ship their products. Companies also use oil as the source of the energy for the production machinery. Therefore oil is a prime factor in the international crisis. The price of oil and inflation The oil price and inflation are more connected in grounds and effect relationship.   Inflation follows the oil price movement; as the prices of oil moves  down or up, it is accompanied by inflation in the same direction. This is because, oil is plays a major role in economic input. It is widely used vital activities thus the rise of input costs leads to increase of cost of end products. The raise of pricing increases the inflation level. The inflation led to the development of the consumer price index (CPI) which measures the inflation. The deterioration of the relationship between inflation and oil started after the 1980s. Generally the wars of the 1990s at Gulf  War  oil crisis led to doubling of oil prices. The expansion of the foreign exchange to incorporate the oil stocks has affected both the domestic financial accounts and international clients hedging activities. This has been reflected in international crisis as many corporations struggles to sustain their dominance in the market. The foreign exchange is much dominated by the U.S dollar which is followed by the euro and sterling. Emerging oil markets and the international business exposure of many oil producing countries has increased the hedging activities in the foreign exchange. The degree of exchange rate flexibility and the movement of capital across the globe have increased high level of inflation risks. Oil export strategies are underpinned by valued exchange rates generating precedential reserve accumulation in the exchange rate adjustment. Capitals exporting in oil finance investment have been considerable drivers of lower global long-term interest rates in the international business (Richter, Pahl, 2009). The oil shocks have affected the world trade structure. Macroeconomic Impacts of High Oil Prices A high oil demand arises from the products demand that uses oil in their production. Changes in oil prices are shared by the consumers in the prices of the final oil products. The foreign producers are spending more on importing their goods to their respective countries due to high level of fuel prices. Many countries economic purchasing powers are depleted and instead there has been a high level of deficit on many economies(Richter, Pahl, 2009). This is due to high level of borrowing due to budget overruns of many countries. This has further contributed to international crisis across the globe. The increased price of the oil forces many countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s businesses to invest heavily on the exports production, as opposed to available domestic demand for goods and services. This occurs even though the capacity of foreign oil consumed has no change.   The radical change of oil prices leads to loss of economy as macroeconomic frictions avoid rapid nominal prices changes in the final product. The high oil prices experienced leads to the reluctance of the organizations on lowering the wages and others even losing employment in an effort of cutting the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expenditure. The state of economy is increased and the macroeconomic policies taken at the moment may dampen or heighten the relentlessness of adverse macroeconomic effects. Large and sudden increase in prices has adverse impacts on short-term growth. This growth may be much larger if there is gradual high price, as sudden oil price shocks leads to panic of the firms and households. This in creases the international tension on which the prices prevent them from creation of the near term optimal decisions.   Economic policies which followed after the high inflation experience highly affected the longer term economic impact of high oil prices. The impacts cannot be removed but many oil producing countries has been moderating them. The moderation of these policies has created the crisis with many economies struggling to attain the oil importation from a more reliable source. On the contrary, inappropriate economic policies intensify the adverse high oil price impacts. Exceedingly monetary and fiscal policies contain the inflationary pressures which degenerate the recessionary effects on unemployment and income. This also includes the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which simply hinder the in real income fall. The income fall is necessitated by the rise of oil prices, inflationary pressures of the stoke which further worsen the higher prices impact in the long run (Palash R. Ghosh, 2010).   Conclusion Oil price change issue is economic impact that is increasingly attracting many debates. Over the past 30 years, the oil price has gradually risen. Countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s across the world has understood the nature of the possible damage and the economic impact of the rising oil prices. The increase in international crisis has led to unstable global economy. Many economies are struggling to maintain their expenditures but it seems the burden is much heavier. The initial damages of the oil prices were due to war which led to lack of oil exploitation. The damages were considerable on which later led to recession. Current studies show that, the current U.S. economy has a sustained higher oil prices (Palash R. Ghosh, 2010). The higher oil prices have slowed the short-term growth and cannot cause a recession except other factors shock economic decision makers are present. Increase in oil prices has affected the international business and the global monetary. Oil is essentially crucial commodity in any countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. The rising price has shaken the global economy thus triggering the international crisis. Gradual price increment is due to rising demand of oil across the globe, low stocks of oil, OPEC management strategies, speculation actions, Middle East violence, and Insufficient US refining capacity among other factors. Vibrant flux is the basic paradigm of asset. The merely approach of rational is being replaced by a broader approach which is entirely based upon investors psychology on oil investment. Security expected returns in this approach is therefore determined by both financial misevaluation and risk. Oil market has been termed as a risky market due to unstable market variations. The world oil market dominance among the major oil producing countries has extensively increased the international crisis. Annotated bibliography Holsti, O. R. (1991). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“International Systems, System Change and Foreign Policy: Commentary on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Changing International Systemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Diplomatic History. Vol.15 (1). pp.83-89. As the international financial crisis increase, there have been many factors behind the underlying trend of economic regulation. The principal journal devoted to the history of U.S. diplomacy, foreign relations, and security issues, Diplomatic journal examines issues from the colonial period to the present in a global and comparative context.   The journal offers a variety of perspectives on the economic, strategic, cultural, racial, and ideological aspects of the United States in the world.   This journal appeals to readers from a wide variety of disciplines, including American studies, international economics, American history, national security studies, and Latin-American, Asian, African, European and Middle Eastern studies. The author explores the impact of international financial crises on the oil price and the existing correlation relationships between the oil price and the financial crisis in terms of their odd factors. The positive and negative factors that affe ct the price of oil and the effects of oil and natural gas prices on the global economy especially the West. Holsti, O. R. (1980). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Historians, Social Scientists, and Crisis Management: An Alternative Viewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol.24 (4). pp.666. This Journal of Conflict Resolution is a simple and comprehensive introduction, by the scientist, to the subject of the financial crisis history, the social aspect of the crisis and the crisis management. Firstly the Author has taken as in the historical background of the rising oil prices and the causes. In this chapter, there is discussion of fundamental concepts in the crisis management on which the social scientist has come up with several explanations. The effect of oil prices on international economic variables has been as well discussed with the respect to the major oil producing countries. There has been a literature review on the systems perspective of international crisis; and the examined are the stage of progress of international crisis in efforts of fighting the crisis. Krichene, N., (2008). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Crude oil prices: trend and forecast; Oil productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Volume 8-133 of IMF working paper. Washington D.C: International Monetary Fund. In this volume, the Author has extensively explained the trends and the historic background of the oil prices origin, the reasons behind the rise and consequently the effects on the global market. Later the oil products contribution in the world economy is well discussed and its role in the international monetary funds. Several markets are critically compared and analyzed with major oil producing countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to show their oil production and their economical contribution to the world economy. This article describes the fluctuation on oil price and the impact of international crisis on oil prices on which present and the past event has been forecasted. McClelland, C. A. (1977). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Anticipation of International Crises: Prospects for Theory and Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. International Studies Quarterly. Vol.21 (1). pp.15-16. The author on this article has summed up the contribution of the high rising oil prices in the international crisis. The evident presented by the author includes the theories and the prospects used by the major oil producers in their oil exploitation. The economical inflation experienced in the world economy has contributed to unstable financial and trade environment. This has been anticipated by the high oil prices which is an essential commodity in many world economies. Ratner, M. (2011). Implications of Egyptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Turmoil on Global Oil and Natural Gas Supply. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service.www.crs.gov This research seeks to analyze the correlation between oil prices and international crises across the major oil producers especially Egypt. The author provides the fundamental on the higher margin of oil prices adjustments and the longer the new prices are sustained, the greater the macroeconomic impact on the global economy. Oil is the primary source of energy in almost all of the major industries in the global economy. Egypt has experienced a lot of unrest in the country which has in turn affected the global fuel prices due to shortage of the supply. The consequences of the increasing oil prices have severely damaged the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy as well as the global market. The other energy sources especially the gas is also influenced by the increasing oil prices. Literature Cited Holsti, O. R. (1991). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“International Systems, System Change and Foreign Policy: Commentary on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Changing International Systemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Diplomatic History. Vol.15 (1). pp.83-89. Holsti, O. R. (1980). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Historians, Social Scientists, and Crisis Management: An Alternative Viewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol.24 (4). pp.666. Krichene, N., (2008). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Crude oil prices: trend and forecast; Oil productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Volume 8-133 of IMF working paper. Washington D.C: International Monetary Fund. McClelland, C. A. (1977). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Anticipation of International Crises: Prospects for Theory and Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. International Studies Quarterly. Vol.21 (1). pp.15-16. Ratner, M. (2011). Implications of Egyptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Turmoil on Global Oil and Natural Gas Supply. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service.www.crs.gov Richter, A., Pahl, N., (2009).Oil Price Developments-Driver, Economic Consequences and Policy Responses. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Trumbore, P. F. Boyer M. A. (2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“International Crisis Decision-making as a Two à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Level Processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Journal of Peace Research. Vol.37 (6). pp.682-683. Palash R. Ghosh (2010). oil and stock prices moving in tandem since financial crisis erupted. www.ibtimes.com

Study On Lower Income And Microfinance Programs Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1980 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The purpose of this section is to describe the methodologies used to collect data and to carry out the quantitative and qualitative analyses. Primary and secondary data will be collected for the project. Primary data will be the main sources of this study because first-hand information is needed to investigate the research questions and achieve research objectives. 3.2 Hypothesis Most of the poor people and lower income people join microfinance program because they can access credit with specified interest rate which is lower than that obtained from the informal money lender. Thus, they can save money. (https://www.scribd.com/doc/12770568/The-Impact-of-Micro-Finance-on-Household-Welfare-Case-Study-of-a-Savings-Group-in-Lao-PDR#). Therefore, the hypotheses are as below: (i) H0: Participation in microfinance services leads to an increase in household income and personal savings (ii) H1: Microfinance is an effective tool of poverty eradication (iii) H2: Community are well aware of microfinance services. 3.2 Research Data 3.2.1 Primary data According to Kotler Armstrong (2001 p. 141), primary data refers to information collected for specific purpose at hand. According to Hair et al. (2009 p. 288), primary data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research focuses on gathering in depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that lead to such behavior. It includes the archival method, case studies, survey and field experiments. On the other hand, quantitative research is to investigate the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of the project. This includes applying mathematical model, theories or hypotheses to test the data collected. In order to access the impact of microfinance, primary data is important to be collected. There are few ways to collect primary data including telephone interview and personal interview. Personal interview has been chosen aft er considering quality of information and response of candidates. Quality of information collected through personal interview tends to be more accurate as connection with respondents can be built during the interview session and any doubt can be cleared immediately. 3.2.2 Secondary data According to Kotler Armstrong (2001 p. 141), secondary data refers to information that already exists, have been collected in other studies. It could be found through sources such as internet, books, newspapers, and magazines. Secondary data can usually be obtained more quickly and at lower cost compared to primary data. Although secondary data can be found easily, the data may not be usable or irrelevant. Thus, primary data often need to be carried out to obtain first hand data. In this study, journals and information were obtained through reference books and electronic journal databases such as Google scholar, EBSCO, EMERALD and so on. Besides, banks ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ websites, companyÂà ‚ ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s annual reports, government and corporation publications were also used. By collecting secondary data, information and theories of microfinance and also an overview of research done in the past was collected and it enables building a good foundation before starting the field research. 3.3 Research method The research method was personal interview which involves talking and communicating with the people, thereby gathers information needed. Besides, survey questionnaire was also given out Personal interview was chosen as the research method because it is flexible and tends to be more effective compared to other method such as mailing questionnaires and telephone interviewing. Personal interview enables the interviewer to explain difficult questions and also skip some questions or probe on others depending on the answers and responses the interviewer receives. Besides, personal interview tend to receive higher response rates. Therefore, personal interview was used . 3.4 Research Instrument The research instrument was questionnaire administered in person. In order to obtain more accurate data, questions require both qualitative and quantitative answers were included. The questionnaire was mainly made up of closed ended questions where respondents ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ answers were limited to possible options given which include yes/no questions, multiple choice questions and scaled questions. Closed ended questions were used as it enables answers to be obtained in a short period of time. Some respondents might not willing to write a long answer and decide not to take up the survey as they think that it is a waste of time. Therefore, closed-ended question was mainly used in order to avoid being rejected by respondents. Closed-ended questions can be analyzed easily as every answer can be given a number in order to access a statistical interpretation. Apart from that, a few open ended questions were also included so that respondents could ex press their own opinions and ideas without being constrained by a fixed set of possible responses. Besides, open ended questions could also enable true, insightful and even unexpected suggestions. 3.5 Data Collection 3.5.1 Household survey areas The survey was carried out on the areas of demographic information of households, income and income generating activities like agriculture, livestock and micro enterprises and household income in general, financial services including client information, qualitative data on the impact of participating in the microfinance program and client satisfaction, households ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ attitude and awareness of microfinance services and so on. The questionnaire was designed to understand how treatment group and control group think about microfinance and its programs. 3.5.2 Selection of Study Locations Due to limited time frame and budget, geographical coverage will be limited to only 3 districts in Kuala Lumpur which are Segambut, Gombak and Selayang so that the research could be done on time without exceeding the budgeted cost of survey. 3.5.3 Sample Selection It is important to carry out primary data as it is a representative result that can be generalized into a larger population. Therefore, the right respondents need to be chosen in order to achieve the objective. Thus, the questionnaire was distributed to respondents based on judgmental sampling. According to Hair et. Al (2007), judgmental sampling involves the choice of subjects who are in the best position to provide the information required. Survey was then carried out with households who participate in the microfinance services including current savers as well as current borrowers. Non-clients will also be surveyed so that comparison can be made. Members who experienced benefits from joining the microfinance programs by either obtaining a credit or receiving a dividend are called the treatment group and those who did not take part in any mic rofinance program but have similar characteristics to those of participants are called the control group, for instance, women who is poor but failed to involve in a self-help group. The effects on members in the treatment group can be compared with the members in the control group as members in the treatment group could tell how has microfinance changed their lives while members in the control group could tell what would have happened to them if they had participated in any microfinance programs. The target group may include individuals, households or micr-enterprises. 3.5.4 Sample Size Due to the difficulty in getting respondents and limited period of time, the sample size will be limited to 50 clients and 50 non-clients. 4.0 Limitation The biggest concern of the project was the time period. Generally, research of impact analysis takes more than a year to be done in order to collect sufficient and accurate results as it requires in-depth analysis and complex survey prot ocol [162]. Due to the time limit given, which was six months, it was not enough to generate sufficient and accurate information and data. Therefore, there was not enough time to conduct better research. The second limitation is that budget constraints. A lot of similar researches have been done in the past by professional bodies. Therefore, appropriate data has been collected in the past. However, it is expensive to obtain the data collected by professional bodies. Thus, it was not possible to obtain the data due to limited budget. Apart from that, size of the sample was not large enough to represents the population. If the size of respondents was large, more factors could be included in the survey analysis, thereby generate more reliable data. Due to budget constraints and limited time frame, the sample size was only limited to 3 districts in a capital of Malaysia, which was not large enough to represents, the population of Malaysia. Also, it was difficult to identify the tr eatment group and control group as I had no source to access to them. Moreover, finding valid control group and treatment group are difficult as respondents with the same characteristics and economical environments are hard to find. Therefore, the number of respondents was limited to only 50 persons. In addition, there was selection bias as comparing clients with non-clients will overestimate the impact of microfinance due to inherent differences of microfinance clients compared to non-clients. Thus, the information generated may not be accurate and reliable. 3.5 Quantitative Data The quantitative analysis will be used to test the hypotheses about the impact on the households. For each of these hypotheses, a quantitative measure (impact variable) will be defined. Cross-section differences are examined and evaluated for statistical significance. First, whether clients have more favorable values of the impact variable than controls will be determined. Next, analysis of varian ce (ANOVA) will be performed to see whether this difference is statistically significant. If a relationship passes this test, it indicates possible impact. [103 p.80] 3.3 Research approach In microfinance inpact evaluation, clients receiving microfinance services are compared with a control group of people who are not receiving microfinance services. Thus, The paper adopts the methods used by Coleman (1999) to estimate the effects on household welfare or outcomes by the participation in the microfinance programs. In the study, primary data will be obtained by carrying out survey research. According to Kotler Armstrong (2001 p. 145), survey research refers to the gathering of primary data by asking people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, preferences and behavior. The advantage of survey research is its flexibility. It can be used to obtain many different kinds of information in many different situations. All the surveys will be carried out face-to-face as surveys ca rried out face-to-face are deemed to be more reliable compared to other method such as telephone surveys because by carrying out face-to-face surveys, doubt could be clarified immediately, hence, increases accuracy of the surveys. A structured questionnaire will be designed to gather information of various household and socio-economic profiles, occupation, levels and sources of income, expenditures, savings, ownership of assets and resources, receipt of basic services and amenities, participation in microfinance programs, values and perceptions. Multiple choice questionnaire will be used as the first part of the questionnaire because it is straight forward, thus, enabling quick response from respondents. Respondents will be required to select a single alternative from a list of several choices provided the each questions. With this kind of survey design, the impact of microfinance programs on household outcomes can be straightforwardly estimated. Quasi-experimental survey desi gn will be used to compare existing clients to non-participating clients. Difference-in-difference (DID) model in Kondo ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s study will be used to measure the treatment effect. This will enable us to investigate the impact of the program by studying the difference in outcomes between the two groups. 3.5 Quantitative Data The quantitative analysis will be used to test the hypotheses about the impact on the households. For each of these hypotheses, a quantitative measure (impact variable) will be defined. Cross-section differences are examined and evaluated for statistical significance. First, whether clients have more favorable values of the impact variable than controls will be determined. Next, analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed to see whether this difference is statistically significant. If a relationship passes this test, it indicates possible impact. [103 p.80] Limitations Data on household incomes are known to be less reliable than consumpt ion data obtained from household expenditure surveys, 8 The study will compare the operations of a pawnshop, a lending investor, a marketvendors association turned credit cooperative, and two non-governmental organizations involved in the delivery of financial services to the urban informal sector. Observations and conclusions from prior primary studies of professional money lenders and rotating savings and credit associations will be included to provide additional insights into the workings of the urban informal sector. Lastly, a review of existing government credit programmes operating in the three areas will also be made. [163] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Lower Income And Microfinance Programs Finance Essay" essay for you Create order