Study On Lower Income And Microfinance Programs Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1980 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The purpose of this section is to describe the methodologies used to collect data and to carry out the quantitative and qualitative analyses. Primary and secondary data will be collected for the project. Primary data will be the main sources of this study because first-hand information is needed to investigate the research questions and achieve research objectives. 3.2 Hypothesis Most of the poor people and lower income people join microfinance program because they can access credit with specified interest rate which is lower than that obtained from the informal money lender. Thus, they can save money. (https://www.scribd.com/doc/12770568/The-Impact-of-Micro-Finance-on-Household-Welfare-Case-Study-of-a-Savings-Group-in-Lao-PDR#). Therefore, the hypotheses are as below: (i) H0: Participation in microfinance services leads to an increase in household income and personal savings (ii) H1: Microfinance is an effective tool of poverty eradication (iii) H2: Community are well aware of microfinance services. 3.2 Research Data 3.2.1 Primary data According to Kotler Armstrong (2001 p. 141), primary data refers to information collected for specific purpose at hand. According to Hair et al. (2009 p. 288), primary data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research focuses on gathering in depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that lead to such behavior. It includes the archival method, case studies, survey and field experiments. On the other hand, quantitative research is to investigate the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of the project. This includes applying mathematical model, theories or hypotheses to test the data collected. In order to access the impact of microfinance, primary data is important to be collected. There are few ways to collect primary data including telephone interview and personal interview. Personal interview has been chosen aft er considering quality of information and response of candidates. Quality of information collected through personal interview tends to be more accurate as connection with respondents can be built during the interview session and any doubt can be cleared immediately. 3.2.2 Secondary data According to Kotler Armstrong (2001 p. 141), secondary data refers to information that already exists, have been collected in other studies. It could be found through sources such as internet, books, newspapers, and magazines. Secondary data can usually be obtained more quickly and at lower cost compared to primary data. Although secondary data can be found easily, the data may not be usable or irrelevant. Thus, primary data often need to be carried out to obtain first hand data. In this study, journals and information were obtained through reference books and electronic journal databases such as Google scholar, EBSCO, EMERALD and so on. Besides, banks ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ websites, companyÂà ‚ ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s annual reports, government and corporation publications were also used. By collecting secondary data, information and theories of microfinance and also an overview of research done in the past was collected and it enables building a good foundation before starting the field research. 3.3 Research method The research method was personal interview which involves talking and communicating with the people, thereby gathers information needed. Besides, survey questionnaire was also given out Personal interview was chosen as the research method because it is flexible and tends to be more effective compared to other method such as mailing questionnaires and telephone interviewing. Personal interview enables the interviewer to explain difficult questions and also skip some questions or probe on others depending on the answers and responses the interviewer receives. Besides, personal interview tend to receive higher response rates. Therefore, personal interview was used . 3.4 Research Instrument The research instrument was questionnaire administered in person. In order to obtain more accurate data, questions require both qualitative and quantitative answers were included. The questionnaire was mainly made up of closed ended questions where respondents ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ answers were limited to possible options given which include yes/no questions, multiple choice questions and scaled questions. Closed ended questions were used as it enables answers to be obtained in a short period of time. Some respondents might not willing to write a long answer and decide not to take up the survey as they think that it is a waste of time. Therefore, closed-ended question was mainly used in order to avoid being rejected by respondents. Closed-ended questions can be analyzed easily as every answer can be given a number in order to access a statistical interpretation. Apart from that, a few open ended questions were also included so that respondents could ex press their own opinions and ideas without being constrained by a fixed set of possible responses. Besides, open ended questions could also enable true, insightful and even unexpected suggestions. 3.5 Data Collection 3.5.1 Household survey areas The survey was carried out on the areas of demographic information of households, income and income generating activities like agriculture, livestock and micro enterprises and household income in general, financial services including client information, qualitative data on the impact of participating in the microfinance program and client satisfaction, households ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ attitude and awareness of microfinance services and so on. The questionnaire was designed to understand how treatment group and control group think about microfinance and its programs. 3.5.2 Selection of Study Locations Due to limited time frame and budget, geographical coverage will be limited to only 3 districts in Kuala Lumpur which are Segambut, Gombak and Selayang so that the research could be done on time without exceeding the budgeted cost of survey. 3.5.3 Sample Selection It is important to carry out primary data as it is a representative result that can be generalized into a larger population. Therefore, the right respondents need to be chosen in order to achieve the objective. Thus, the questionnaire was distributed to respondents based on judgmental sampling. According to Hair et. Al (2007), judgmental sampling involves the choice of subjects who are in the best position to provide the information required. Survey was then carried out with households who participate in the microfinance services including current savers as well as current borrowers. Non-clients will also be surveyed so that comparison can be made. Members who experienced benefits from joining the microfinance programs by either obtaining a credit or receiving a dividend are called the treatment group and those who did not take part in any mic rofinance program but have similar characteristics to those of participants are called the control group, for instance, women who is poor but failed to involve in a self-help group. The effects on members in the treatment group can be compared with the members in the control group as members in the treatment group could tell how has microfinance changed their lives while members in the control group could tell what would have happened to them if they had participated in any microfinance programs. The target group may include individuals, households or micr-enterprises. 3.5.4 Sample Size Due to the difficulty in getting respondents and limited period of time, the sample size will be limited to 50 clients and 50 non-clients. 4.0 Limitation The biggest concern of the project was the time period. Generally, research of impact analysis takes more than a year to be done in order to collect sufficient and accurate results as it requires in-depth analysis and complex survey prot ocol [162]. Due to the time limit given, which was six months, it was not enough to generate sufficient and accurate information and data. Therefore, there was not enough time to conduct better research. The second limitation is that budget constraints. A lot of similar researches have been done in the past by professional bodies. Therefore, appropriate data has been collected in the past. However, it is expensive to obtain the data collected by professional bodies. Thus, it was not possible to obtain the data due to limited budget. Apart from that, size of the sample was not large enough to represents the population. If the size of respondents was large, more factors could be included in the survey analysis, thereby generate more reliable data. Due to budget constraints and limited time frame, the sample size was only limited to 3 districts in a capital of Malaysia, which was not large enough to represents, the population of Malaysia. Also, it was difficult to identify the tr eatment group and control group as I had no source to access to them. Moreover, finding valid control group and treatment group are difficult as respondents with the same characteristics and economical environments are hard to find. Therefore, the number of respondents was limited to only 50 persons. In addition, there was selection bias as comparing clients with non-clients will overestimate the impact of microfinance due to inherent differences of microfinance clients compared to non-clients. Thus, the information generated may not be accurate and reliable. 3.5 Quantitative Data The quantitative analysis will be used to test the hypotheses about the impact on the households. For each of these hypotheses, a quantitative measure (impact variable) will be defined. Cross-section differences are examined and evaluated for statistical significance. First, whether clients have more favorable values of the impact variable than controls will be determined. Next, analysis of varian ce (ANOVA) will be performed to see whether this difference is statistically significant. If a relationship passes this test, it indicates possible impact. [103 p.80] 3.3 Research approach In microfinance inpact evaluation, clients receiving microfinance services are compared with a control group of people who are not receiving microfinance services. Thus, The paper adopts the methods used by Coleman (1999) to estimate the effects on household welfare or outcomes by the participation in the microfinance programs. In the study, primary data will be obtained by carrying out survey research. According to Kotler Armstrong (2001 p. 145), survey research refers to the gathering of primary data by asking people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, preferences and behavior. The advantage of survey research is its flexibility. It can be used to obtain many different kinds of information in many different situations. All the surveys will be carried out face-to-face as surveys ca rried out face-to-face are deemed to be more reliable compared to other method such as telephone surveys because by carrying out face-to-face surveys, doubt could be clarified immediately, hence, increases accuracy of the surveys. A structured questionnaire will be designed to gather information of various household and socio-economic profiles, occupation, levels and sources of income, expenditures, savings, ownership of assets and resources, receipt of basic services and amenities, participation in microfinance programs, values and perceptions. Multiple choice questionnaire will be used as the first part of the questionnaire because it is straight forward, thus, enabling quick response from respondents. Respondents will be required to select a single alternative from a list of several choices provided the each questions. With this kind of survey design, the impact of microfinance programs on household outcomes can be straightforwardly estimated. Quasi-experimental survey desi gn will be used to compare existing clients to non-participating clients. Difference-in-difference (DID) model in Kondo ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s study will be used to measure the treatment effect. This will enable us to investigate the impact of the program by studying the difference in outcomes between the two groups. 3.5 Quantitative Data The quantitative analysis will be used to test the hypotheses about the impact on the households. For each of these hypotheses, a quantitative measure (impact variable) will be defined. Cross-section differences are examined and evaluated for statistical significance. First, whether clients have more favorable values of the impact variable than controls will be determined. Next, analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed to see whether this difference is statistically significant. If a relationship passes this test, it indicates possible impact. [103 p.80] Limitations Data on household incomes are known to be less reliable than consumpt ion data obtained from household expenditure surveys, 8 The study will compare the operations of a pawnshop, a lending investor, a marketvendors association turned credit cooperative, and two non-governmental organizations involved in the delivery of financial services to the urban informal sector. Observations and conclusions from prior primary studies of professional money lenders and rotating savings and credit associations will be included to provide additional insights into the workings of the urban informal sector. Lastly, a review of existing government credit programmes operating in the three areas will also be made. [163] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Lower Income And Microfinance Programs Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Contraception “WHICH ONE” Essay - 965 Words

Contraception â€Å"WHICH ONE?† There are many forms of contraception. Contraception is a form of birth control. Although, some methods of contraception also protect from STD‘s (sexual transmitted diseases). How well birth control works depends on a number of factors. These include medical conditions, or are people taking any drugs prescribed or not. Whether it is convenient, or if it causes any side effects. The main forms of contraception in order of the most commonly used through out the world. Pill, condoms, female sterilisation, vasectomy, mini pill (POP- Progesterone Only Pill), the cap (including diaphragm), coil, natural family planning-rhythm method, contraception jab and mirena (IUS†¦show more content†¦The combined pill is not recommended for smokers over 35, or those who have diabetes or even high blood pressure. Using it is simple, you get proscribed 21 pills in a packet, taking one pill every morning (preferably the same time every day) then you do not take the pill for 7 days (while menstruating), I.e. 3 weeks on 1 week off. The condom known as Prophylactic, rubber or Johnny, is made of latex or polyurethane, a form of rubber (they were also made from animal intestines but are seldom seen now). It is about 7 inches long, although various sizes are available. The condom and femidom are sheaths that trap sperm, and they reduce the chance of pregnancy and STD’s (Sexual Transmitted Disease.) The advantages are that it stops sperm form entering the vagina, it is easy to use, and there is a minimal health risk. They are also widely available, they can be found in shops, in doctor’s surgeries, walk in centres and most public toilets. The disadvantages are varied, they may tear during sexual intercourse, and can slip off inside the female’s vagina. 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With adolescence being a time of both sexual maturation and increased risk-taking, it is unsurprising that adolescence is a period in which many young people become sexually active (Tillett, 2005). With 69% of yearRead MoreThe Morning After Pill Essay600 Words   |  3 Pagesunintended pregnancy called Emergency Contraception (EC). This paper will explore unintended pregnancy, EC, pro-emergency contraception and anti-emergency contraception opinions. There are many women of childbearing age that have become pregnant unintentionally in the United States. As a result, many have developed a sexual transmitted disease (STD). This may have occurred due to engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse, improper use of contraception, failed contraception or sexual assault. The rates ofRead MoreThe Presentation Of Contraceptives During The Mid 70s1747 Words   |  7 Pagessexual expression without the danger of an undesirable pregnancy. 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The Ethical Issue Of Adoption - 1357 Words

Ever wonder what adoption is like? There are many opinions about how people should view adoption and how they view it themselves. This is an ethical issue because many people view this differently according to their race, religion, family and even society can influence the way you view how adoption is too a person, There are two sides with ethical issues so in this paper, I will show you both sides of adoption. People may think that if someone adopts a child that is black, and both the parents are white, that it will make the child feel out of place or not as close as they could be to their parents if they were the same race. I read an article talking about how a young couple asked Nicole similar questions about the lady being adopted†¦show more content†¦The adoptive parents might realize that they aren’t ready to be parents and that leaves the child once again feeling rejected and unwanted. In a article it explains what they think the adoptive child should know, â⠂¬Å"Children need to know their adoption story. They need to learn that they were not in any way the cause or the reason for their parents relinquishing them. Some questions that teens wonder: Why did they give me away? Was there something wrong with me? Did they give me away because they did drugs or abused me? What does that say about me? Why couldn t they work things out and taken care of me? Even with shows today like Teen Moms and Secret Life of the American Teenager, they are reminded that many young and struggling parents figure out a way to make it work to keep their baby, so why couldn t their parents do the same as they see on TV? This may lead to further issues of feeling rejected and unlovable.† (The†¦ 2). Adoption can also cause a feeling of loss that is unlike other losses like death, divorce, and any others. Dr. David M. Brodzinsky and Dr. Marshall D. Schechter said, â€Å"The loss for the adoptee is unlike other losses we have come to expect in a li fetime, such as death and divorce. Adoption is more pervasive, less socially recognized, and more profound. (Brodzinsky†¦ 3). When some people think about adoption they don’t see a difference in their child from one they have delivered. To the parents, both of the children are their

The Ethics And Integrity Of Two Research Articles

This assignment will analyze the ethics and integrity of two research articles. The first article, Social Networking and Professional Ethics: Client Searches, Informed Consent, and Disclosure (Harris, Robinson Kurpius, 2014). The second article, Child Rights as a Framework for Advancing Professional Standards for Practice, Ethics, and Professional Development in School Psychology (Nastasi and Naser, 2014). The standards and key portions of the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of Ethics (2010) of each article will be identified. Issues of ethics and integrity as they apply to scholarly research and practice will be discussed. In conclusion, new understanding and insight gained from the two articles will be described. First, the standards and key portions of the APA (2010) Code of Ethics identified by each article are described. Both articles demonstrated the practice of scholarly writing by applying the APA (2010) Code of Ethics. Specifically, APA (2010) sections 8.11 Plagiarism, 8.12 Publication Credit and 8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data were applied via APA formatting and style in the composing of the articles. Harris and Robinson Kurpius (2014) present specific references to the APA (2010) Code of Ethics. Harris and Robinson Kurpius (2014) begin with noting APA (2010) Ethical Principles â€Å"does not specifically address the standards for social networking site.† (p. 12) Next Harris and Robinson Kurpius (2014) quote the APA (2010) Principle E whereShow MoreRelatedAction Plan and Annotated Bibliography on Maintaining Academic Honesty1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthe end of all one is doing, is necessary for ethics to hold. Avoiding plagiarism through correct citation not only enhances credibility, it also respects the work of the predecessors. Therefore, learning correct citation systems is an essential part to avoiding plagiarism. 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Study of a Diabetic with Type Two Diabetes and a Leg-Ulcer Free Essays

string(57) " and becomes tearful because of the state of her health\." Introduction This essay will focus on a type two diabetic patient with leg ulcer as the effect of the complications of diabetes. Limited mobility caused by leg ulcer will be discussed as the health deviation. My patient is Mrs B, 54 years old who was diagnosed with type two diabetes 13 years ago and lives with her husband and two daughters’ ages 18 and 16. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of a Diabetic with Type Two Diabetes and a Leg-Ulcer or any similar topic only for you Order Now She works as a senior staff for a beauty company. I chose this client because my sister died of complications of foot ulcer and my grand father died of diabetes. I came from a country where health services are not free and due to poverty, my sister was not diagnosed till she died and my grand father was only diagnosed in his old age when intervention was too late. Herbal medication was used for both my grandfather and my sister but failed due to lack of knowledge of the condition (Yodar 1989). All confidentiality will be maintained and informed consent form is included in the appendix. This health deviation was also chosen because it is a costly problem in the UK with an increasing prevalence. National Health Service (NHS) spent approximately ?400 million a year on treatment on leg ulcers (www.journalofwoundcare.com). Andrew et al (2010) estimated that by 2025, people suffering from diabetes mellitus would have rapidly increased from 2.6 million at present to 4million. The understa nding of this condition and how it impacts on individual will prepare me for the future as I will be in a position to care for people with diabetes and also to educate them on the impact the illness can have on their well being. Type 2 diabetes is accompanied by peripheral resistance to insulin in muscle cells, increased production of glucose by the liver and altered pancreatic insulin secretion (Steven and Michael 2008). Increased tissue resistance to insulin generally occurs first and is eventually followed by impaired insulin secretion. Looking at the pathophysiology of Mrs B’s leg ulcer which resulted in limited mobility. Insulin is produced by the pancreas but could not be used due to inhibition of insulin resistance. This results in accumulation of glucose in her bloodstream not being used by target cells thereby leading to hyperglycaemia. Leg ulcer is caused by poor diabetic management and can either be venous or arterial (Tim and Sudhesh 2010). According to Mustoe (2004), accumulation of glucose in Mrs B’s bloodstream over a period of time causes increase in blood viscosity and leads to blockage and damage of the small vessels and peripheral nerves. This then lead to decrease in circul ation to her peripheral vessels and causing the pressure in her vein to increase (venous hypertension). Arteries loose their normal higher pressure due to venous hypertension and this allows inflammatory exudates to escape into the subcutaneous tissues of the crus subsequently breaks down the tissue. Walking barefoot at home is part of Mrs B’s upbringing. In addition to the pressure in her foot, she hit her foot against her daughter’s scooter and the skin break down. Venous hypertension stretches the veins and result into leakage of blood protein into the extra vascular space and leaving out the extracellular matrix molecules (venous insufficiency). Venous insufficiency causes build-ups of white blood cell (leukocytes) in smaller blood vessels which plug the vessel and contributes to ischemia in the limbs. Leukocytes can also release inflammatory factor, further contributing to chronic wound formation (Mustoe 2004). Diabetic mellitus is characterised by autonomic, sens ory and motor neuropathies. There are various complications for client with diabetes mellitus (type 2) due to inability of retaining control of their blood glucose (Palfreyman 2008). Mrs B developed a reduced mobility due to damaged peripheral vessels and nerves caused by decrease circulation as a result of increase glucose level in the blood. Reduced mobility can have a great impact on day to day activities as this also reduces the individuals independent and control of ones life. Mrs B as the bread-winner in her family now finds it extremely difficult to cope and to provide for her family since her husband also has a heart condition which prevents him from working. This is also distressing due to her children’s needs not being met and her inability to function effectively as a mother because of reduced mobility. Mrs B is on insulin, lansoprazole for prevention of gastric acid and fentanyl patch for pain killer (www.diabetes.co.uk/treatment and bnf) Leg ulcer cost NHS approximately ?400m a year of which community nursing services accounts for. Research has shown that 80-85% of client with leg ulcer are venous leg ulcers whilst 10-20% are arterial leg ulcers (www.journalofwoundcare.com). According to Simon et al (2004), leg ulcers are on rapid increase in the UK and have a huge impact on NHS budget. Immobility is also on increase because of inadequate bed in the hospital to admit such client for close monitoring. This results in district nurses spending more time on caring for client with ulcer in the community and yet most patients do not receive appropriate care. Chapman (2008) states that about 1.2%-3.2% in 1000 people suffers from chronic leg ulcer, which means 80,000-198,000 people in the UK suffers from venous leg ulcer. A UK study examined the prevalence of venous ulcer and it was 0.4/1,000 in men and 0.6/1,000 in women. The increase of leg ulcer is related to age. Same study shows that in men over 85 years old, the rates were 8.29/1,000 and 8.06/1,000 in women and 55% of patient had leg ulcer for more than one year (Moffatt et al, 2004). Research in Canada estimated that 2.0/1000 Canadian suffers from leg ulcer, of which 40% are homebound due to immobility caused by chronic leg ulcer and this has been a huge cost to the Ministry of Health (MOH). Approximately, $5,868 is spent on each client under standard community care thus, coming up to $511 million spent annually by the MOH on leg ulcers (Shannon 2007) Mrs B often becomes have low mood and becomes tearful because of the state of her health. You read "Study of a Diabetic with Type Two Diabetes and a Leg-Ulcer" in category "Essay examples" According to Rotter (1965) cited in Mamlin et al (2001), it is believed that the client has an external locust of control. This is related with depression, fear and inability to cope with stress. Mrs B’s diabetes was diagnosed 13 years ago following her admission in St George’s hospital for a removal of gall stone. During her observation, the health care assistant informed the nurse that her blood glucose reads 19.4mmol/L. The nurse did a fasting glucose level test on her and it reads 10.9mmol/L. Her urine was tested and glucose was present in it. It was also noticed during her stay in the hospital, her increase in thirst was alarming. Random blood glucose tests, fasting blood glucose tests, urinary analysis for glucose and ketones, Hba1c level and formal glucose tolerance tests such as plasma glucose are procedures carried out to confirm the diabetes state of client. Eye test is also checked to confirm diabetic retinopathy whilst other cardiac investigations to rule out or recognise the presence of cardiac diseases (www.doh.gov.uk). Mrs B does not require surgery and does not fall in the categories of people who go through referral because her diagnosis was con firmed in the hospital. Her General Practitioner (GP) will also be informed so that h/she can refer her for follow up. Patient with diabetic type 11 will normally be referred by their to their local GP within 8 weeks to external bodies like out-patient where they will be able to see a diabetes specialist nurse for follow up (www.doh.gov.uk). Diabetes research in the UK is funded by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the charity Diabetes UK and other private companies sectors. Diabetes specialist nurse specialised primarily with clients with diabetes and their aim is to educate, help client understand, control and manage their diabetes; and also provides physicians care for them (David 2010). The client was met on her admission to the ward for advance medical treatment for her leg ulcer which is also limiting her mobility. Mrs B is now finding her activities of daily living very hard to keep up with and has to depend on her husband who also suffers from heart condition and panic attack for her care. Her reduced mobility has become a challenge and concern for her as she is unable to meet the needs of her children and this stress is worsening the husband’s condition. According to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), a consultant’s visit from GP’s referral should be within 9 week at best and at least, 18months (www.nice.org.uk/Gps). Health care professionals are undergoing stress, whilst NHS are target driven rather than effective treatment and consultants are trying to meet these target (www.doh.gov.uk). Palfreyman (2008) interviewed 266 people with the history of leg ulcer and identify the huge impact it has on ones quality of life even the ones with healed leg ulcer has a lower quality of life in comparison with people who has no history of leg ulcer. According Briggs and Fleming (2007) 8O% of patient with leg ulcer caused by complications of diabetes type 11 have excruciating pain, 75% of them have exudates, 65% of them suffer from depression, 56% of them have an offensive smell and 65% insomnia. Mrs B is experiencing reduced quality of life. The weight of bandage on her leg and exudates is burdensome. The smell is intimidating and embarrasing and leads to the client being withdrawn and hiding themselves. The pain is also mentally and emotionally disturbing which is also putting strain on her physical moveme nt (reduced mobility); also her being overweight is worsening her reduced mobility. Limited mobility has been the focus of concern for Mrs B. As the breadwinner of her family, anxiety, fear of the unknown and depression has increase rapidly in her life as she is experiencing extreme difficulties in mobilizing and in carrying our her day to day activities. According to Gavard et al (1993), â€Å"Depression occurs frequently in people with diabetes, especially in those with complications†. The Quality and Outcome Framework (2010) has introduced depression screening into regular diabetes surveillance (www.nhsemployers.org). Mrs. Book’s relationship with her husband and two daughters is affected as she gradually deteriorated and lost her independent. Her dependence is now on her husband who cannot engage in stressful work due to his heart condition and also the children are having problems with socializing because they have to rush home after school to help their mother. Mrs. Book condition has had great impact on her children as they struggle to maintain previous level of performance in their education. Limited mobility has leaded a strained relationship between Mrs. Book’s and her children. She cannot spend much time with them as she use to; taking them to the park, cinemas, shopping and holiday has also reduced. The weight of the bandage on her leg is burdensome at she often have to change the bandage when it is wet. She conceives her despair and was afraid to engage her husband because stressful situation can trigger his panic attack. This often led to conflict between her and her husband as the husband struggles to understand her. Research shows that supportive families can help client with chronic illness cope with behavioral or psychological disorder that may occur as a result of the illness. Same research shows that open expression of emotion such as crying might make the family member to empathize (Hanson et al 1992). On the contrary, this can be argued depending on the level of maturity of the family member. In Mrs. B’s case, open expression of emotions might not be appropriate in the presence of her children. Her children ages 18 and 16 years old fall in the 5th stage of Eric Erickson’s psychosocial theory of Human development (identity v Role confusion). This adolescent’s stage is when they start resolving identity and direction and also becoming a grown-up (http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm). Open expression of emotion of can be stressful to Mrs. B’s children in addition to the stress adolescent experience due to hormonal changes in their body (Seiffge-Krenke 2001). Mrs B’s finance is also affected. As a senior staff of a growing beauty company, she finds it hard to return to work as she is unable to move around to assist customers as her job demand. Abiding with her company’s uniform conduct is also a problem for her, although the manager has agreed for her to wear a trouser instead of a skirt, yet she has to take breaks often to change the bandage when it’s wet. She also has to wear a special shoe because she wasn’t fitting in her normal shoes because of the extent of the bandage on her ankle. Her condition contradicts her working environment. This might cause stereotyping and make her feel odd. Mrs B felt she is loosing control of her life as she is also not free to wear any clothing she want and has to wear clothing’s that covers her leg. As a result of her limited mobility, she feels guilty and sees herself as a failure for letting herself and family down. A study/ statistics was carried out by (Murray an d Fortinberry 2005) in Australian and it shows that problems encountered by the patient are comparable to those of the US and UK. This essay has improved my knowledge on complications of type 2 diabetes on individuals life and how it can ruin once career. I have lived with people with diabetes and got few friends with diabetes type 2, yet my understanding of their condition was shallow which I believe it has limited me in a way i should have help them. I have also come to the realisation of the strain leg ulcer can place on individual. Although I have nursed few patients with leg ulcer caused by their diabetes, I have not provided them with appropriate emotional and psychological support they might have needed due to my limited depth of the condition. Finally, I have deepened my understanding on how culture, upbringing and religion can affect a client’s view of their conditions. In future, when dealing with a patient with leg ulcer, I will put into consideration their culture, religion, job and environment where they live. This will help me to make an appropriate referral to a local group available in th eir area where they can meet other people with the same condition and moreover, people of the same culture. This will give them the opportunity to interact with others and see how they deal with it since they have the same culture. This essay was based on limited mobility caused by leg ulcer in type 2 diabetes patient. Pathophysiology of the health deviation and its effect on the client was discussed, the impact of the health deviation on client’s journey through health care and potential influences of the health deviation on the long term well being of client and family/ significant was also discussed in details. REFERENCES Andrew, S. P. and Anthony P. C (2010) The treatment of diabetic foot infections: Pathogenesis of diabetic foot disease 26, (7). Briggs, M. and Fleming, K. (2007) Living with leg ulceration: a synthesis of qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing; 59: 4, 319-328. [online] Available at http://www.nursingtimes.net/assessing-the-impact-of-venous-ulceration-on-quality-of-life/1896181.article. (Accessed 16 Nov, 2010) C.J Currie., C.L Morgan., and J.R Peters (2008). The epidemiology and cost of inpatient care for peripheral vascular disease, infection, neuropathy, and ulceration in diabetes. Nursing Times 6(110) 42-44.7 Chapman. R (2008) Chronic Wound Pain. [online] Available at: http://www.painconcern.org.uk/pages/page78.php ( Accessed: 19 Feb 2010) David Uregbula (2010), The Role of a Diabetes Specialist Nurse. [online] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/about_5201899_role-diabetes-specialist-nurse.html#ixzz1DIN4J4hF. (Accesssed:26 Jan 2010) Deborah, A .S., Francis P.D. and Charles N.M (2004). Management of Venous Leg Ulcers. [Online] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7452/1358.full (Accessed: 10 January 2011) Gavard J., Lustman P. and Clouse R (1993) Prevalence of depression in adults with diabetes: An epidemiological evaluation. [online] Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/16/8/1167 16:1167– 1178. INGE SEIFFGE-KRENKE (2001) Diabetic Adolescents and Their Families: Stress, Coping and Adaptation. USA: CambridgeUniversity press Journal of Wound Care (2006): Venous Leg Ulcer. [online] Available at: http://www.journalofwoundcare.com/JWC/Supplements/206 ( (Accessed 15 Jan 2011) Mamlin N., Harris, K.R. and Case, L.P. (2001). A methological Analysis in Research of Locust of Control and Learning Disabilities: Rethinking a Common Assumption [online] Available at: www.findarticles.com/cf_o/moHDF/4_3476157546/p1/article.jhtm1. (Assesed: 23 January 2011) Moffatt, C.J. et al (2004) Prevalence of leg ulceration in a London population. [online] Available at: http://www.nursingtimes.net/the-burden-of-chronic-wounds-in-the-uk/527138.article QJM; 97: 7, 431–437: (Accessed on 18th Feb 2010) Murray B. and Fortinberry A (2005). Depression Facts and Stats. [online] Available at http://www.upliftprogram.com/depression_stats.html#statistics, (Accessed: 23 Feb, 2010) Mustoe T (2004). â€Å"Understanding chronic wounds: a unifying hypothesis on their pathogenesis and implications for therapy†. Am. J. Surg. 187 (5A): 65–70 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2008). [online] Available at:www.nice.org.uk/Gps. (Accessed 15 Jan 2011) Palfreyman, S.J. et al (2007b) Impact of intravenous drug use on quality of life for patients with venous ulcers. Journal of Advanced Nursing; 58: 5, 458-467. Palfreyman, S. (2008) Assessing the impact of venous ulceration on quality of life. Journal of Advanced Nursing; 104:41, 34-37. Ronald J. Shannon (2007) A Cost-utility Evaluation of Best Practice Implementation of Leg and Foot Ulcer Care in the Ontario Community.[online] Available at: http://www.cawc.net/images/uploads/wcc/5-1-Cost-utility_Evaluation.pdf (Accessed on 23 Feb 2011) Stephen R. Baker, and Michael C. Stacey. Article first published online: 21 JAN 2008 The Quality and Outcome Framework (2010) Depression screening into regular diabetes surveillance. [online] Available at: www.nhsemployers.org ( Accessed: 12 Feb 2011) Tim Holt and Sudhesh Kumar (2010). ABC of Diabetes (6th ed). UK. Wiley-Blackwell Yoder RA. Are people willing and able to pay for health servicesSoc Sci Med 1989; 29(1):35-42. [online] Available at: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_health/volume_8_number_2_12/article/user_fees_in_health_services_in_nigeria_the_health_policy_implications.html. (Accessed on 21 Feb. 2010) How to cite Study of a Diabetic with Type Two Diabetes and a Leg-Ulcer, Essay examples

Relationship Between Law Morality and Ethics †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Law Morality and Ethics. Answer: Relationship between law, morality, and ethics The concept of mortality, ethics and law are deeply intermingled and in number of cases these concepts are used interchangeably (Murphy, 2008). In a generic manner, morals and ethics both refers to set of principles which are used to formulate and manage the behavioral pattern of individuals within the society (Gunning et al., 2009). However, for the purpose of perceiving the relationship between the three concepts it is required to understand the differentiation between the concepts of morality and ethics. Individuals consciousness and the particular values of a society is the edifice of morality (Fuller, 2007). Thus, on the basis of the above made discussion, a clear correlation between law, morality, and ethics can be observed, wherein it is mentionable here that law can be considered as a form of discourse which demonstrates the interests and values of a particular society (Raz, 2009). In order to establish the morality of an act in such case, it is required to be evaluated from the cultural basis (Spinoza and Elwes, 2016). It is also required to analyze the motive of any particular act and if it is observed that the particular act, do not comprise of any negative intentions then it will be considered as an ethical behavior (Singer, 2011). In this context it is required to be stated that, ethical behavior lacks any definiteness or it is not enforced by political authority. In addition to the above mentioned aspect, the breach of ethical code does not result in any legal punishment. However, any act performed by an individual which is socially condemned or it is against individual conscience, it will be considered as unethical behavior. Termination notice period under Employment Standard Act If an employee is employed for more than three months then the contract is statutorily entitled under Employment Contract. The employees are non statutorily entitled to notice. The day from which the employer gives notice to the employee is known as the notice period (Arnow-Richman, 2010). When an employee is terminated from the company, there must be a cause for notice or lieu given for termination. Wrongful dismissal cannot be done with the employee without any cause. If any damages are done by the employee then there is a proof with reasonable dismissal. The purpose to provide notice period to employees is to give sufficient time to the employee so that they can find another suitable place for employment. In the lieu period the salary and other benefits has to be given by the employer to the employee. In Ontario (Canada), the minimum notice period is 15 days as per Employment Standards Act, 2000(ESA, 2000). The minimum standard of notice period and termination is described under this act. Under Canada Labor Code (CLC) regardless physical work is needed to be given to the employee (Jackson, 2010). There is length of notice period which is described below: The employment standard of minimum amount should be based on the companys structure. The notice is based on the obligation with the length of service. If reasonable notice period is given then complaint cannot be done by the employee against the employer. If fairly reason of termination is stated then no problem is raised later (Mamorsky, 2016). 3: Privacy Act In Canada there are number of laws which are related to privacy rights. Several compliance acts for the laws. There are privacy laws or Privacy Act in Canada which is practiced with federal government rules. The private sector business works under privacy law. The federal government institutions follow the Privacy Act (Flaherty, 2014). Under privacy Act in any organization, the personal electronic documents of the companies are kept in safe place. Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act follows several rules which are applied on the federal regulated works. In the Provincial Privacy Law the public sectors and territory looks after the business (Narayanan, 2010). In the Sector Specific Privacy law the federal bank act also falls which describes about the provincial law which is governed under the credit of business. The Private bodies look after the rights of the privacy of the staffs and employer in the business organization. The Federal work is to look after the privacy and data protection. The entire data protection act is based on the confidentiality which is needed to be protected to keep the safety of the people. It is necessary that several steps are needed to be maintained for looking after the confidentiality of any business organization (Larsen, 2012). It is necessary that federal provincial guides are needed to be used through which different consequences can be followed properly. References Flaherty, D. H. (2014).Protecting privacy in surveillance societies: The federal republic of Germany, Sweden, France, Canada, and the United States. UNC Press Books. Narayanan, A., Shmatikov, V. (2010). Myths and fallacies of personally identifiable information.Communications of the ACM,53(6), 24-26. Larsen, M., Walby, K. (Eds.). (2012).Brokering access: Power, politics, and freedom of information process in Canada. UBC Press. Arnow-Richman, R. (2010). Just notice: Re-reforming employment at will.UCLA L. Rev.,58, 1. Jackson, A. (2010).Work and labour in Canada: Critical issues. Canadian Scholars Press. Mamorsky, J. D. (2016).Employee Benefits Law: ERISA and Beyond. Law Journal Press. Gunning, J., Holm, S. and Kenway, I. (2009). Ethics, law and society. 1st ed. Aldershot: Ashgate. Raz, J. (2009). The authority of law: essays on law and morality. Oxford University Press on Demand. Spinoza, B. and Elwes, R. (2016). The ethics. 1st ed. [Floyd, VA]: Dancing Unicorn Books. Murphy, M. (2008). The natural law tradition in ethics. Singer, P. (2011). Practical ethics. Cambridge university press.

Piano Lesson Analysis free essay sample

A title of a work is carefully chosen to not only strike interest but also to give some sort of clue as to the significance of the work. In the case of August Wilson’s The Piano Lesson, the title, though a play on words, reveals how important the piano is to the message Wilson is trying to convey. The piano, as an object, moves the plot of the play along since the conflict is the two main characters fighting over it. On the other hand, the piano, as a symbol, represents the perseverance of history in an individual’s lives. It’s presence and symbolism work hand in hand to communicate the lesson that family history remains with a person and it’s their responsibility to decide how to use it. Looking at the different character’s and their views on the piano provides evidence of this message. The play begins with Boy Willie barging into the house where his sister, Berniece, lives with his uncle, Doaker. We will write a custom essay sample on Piano Lesson Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Boy Willie’s purpose for being there is to sell the piano that Berniece keeps so that he can buy the land from his relative’s former slave owners. He knows the importance of the piano but views it as an object and a means for achieving his own success so that he can prove that he deserves as much respect as the white man. He says, â€Å"The only thing my daddy had to give me was that piano†¦I ain’t gonna let it sit up here and rot without trying to do something with it† (1.2). In his mind, keeping his family’s legacy isn’t with remembering them through the piano but using the piano as a means of making money, which to him will honor them in the long run. He tells his sister, â€Å"I’m supposed to build on what they left me†¦now the kind of man my daddy was he would have understood that† (1.2). He does acknowledge though that the past is something to be proud of. He lectures Berniece, â€Å"You ought to mark down on the calendar the day that Papa Boy Charles brought that piano into the house†¦and every year when it come up throw a party. Have a celebration. If you did that [Maretha] wouldn’t have no problem in life† (2.5). Boy Willie’s sister, Berniece, takes an entirely different approach when it comes to her choice of how the piano is used. Berniece is a character that lives in the past in an unhealthy way. The past has hardened her and it shows in the way she raises her child, Maretha, telling her not to go off â€Å"showing [her] color† (1.1). When Doaker comments on Berniece keeping the memory of her deceased husband saying, â€Å"she still holding onto  to him† (1.2) is further evidence of her clinging to the past but not using those memories in a productive manner. Unlike Willie, she views the piano as a symbol of her family’s heritage but fears it. She scolds Boy Willie for trying to sell it when she says, â€Å"You always talking about your daddy but you ain’t never stopped to look at what his foolishness cost your mama†¦cold nights and an empty bed†¦For a piano? To get even with somebody?† (1.2). She shows her resentment to the past by refusing to play the piano and refusing to tell her daughter of it’s history. Berniece is also afraid of the piano because of those who died because of it. Her mother died honoring it and her father died trying to get it. She explains to her suitor, Avery, â€Å"I don’t play that piano cause I don’t want to wake them spirits† (2.2). She faces that fear when Boy Willie comes to the house bringing a ghost with him; however, the ghost isn’t their dead relatives but Sutter’s. The presence of the ghost forces Berniece to face the past and Boy Willie to acknowledge that the past matters just as much as the future. The play concludes when Avery, who is a preacher, comes to the house to get rid of the ghost. The ghost protests and â€Å"fights† with Boy Willie. It is then that Berniece plays the piano to call on the spirits of her dead relatives singing, â€Å"I want you to help me† (2.2). By doin g this she learns the lesson that the past isn’t there to burden her but to give her strength for the future. Boy Willie also learns the lesson that the past is alive and that using it doesn’t have to be materialistic. It can simply be used to remember who you are. The lesson that the two characters learn is Wilson’s way of communicating to the audience how important family legacy is. The character’s growth in terms of their views on the piano display how easily one can lose sight of what is important in terms of being a person. Boy Willie thinks being somebody is materialistic while Berniece hides from being somebody at all. Though the main characters take a big part of the play the piano’s reoccurring presence and symbolism is the central focus of the play since it is through it that the conflict comes together, through it that the characters learn their lessons, and through it that family history is brought to life.